目的论指导下的南通旅游景点外宣材料英译 On the C-E Translation of Nantong Tourist Sites Publicity Materials from the Perspective of Skopos Theory开题报告

 2022-12-26 22:59:20

1. 研究目的与意义

随着我国社会经济的发展，外国游客的数量逐年提高，目前，中国已成为世界上最重要的旅游目的地之一。

因此，旅游景点旅游宣传资料的翻译质量，极大地决定了游客是否具有良好的旅游体验，间接影响了各国经济发展和文化交流。

南通作为近代发展起来的第一批城市之一，具有深厚的文化底蕴。

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2. 文献综述

Literature Review1.1.Review of Translation Theory1.1.1 Development of German Functionalist TheoryThe study of translation in the West has a long history and can be traced back to early ancient Roman time, in which Cicero (106-43 B.C.) proposed his far-reaching functional view in translation. Scholar Alexander Fraser Tytler wrote a treatise that is important in the history of translation theory, the Essay on the Principles of Translation. (London, 1791) Tytler said that translation should fully represent the ideas and style of the original and should possess the ease of original composition. In this long period, the study of translation is more empirical than scientific, due to the little guidance of theoretical and reliable disciliplinary foundation.From the 1950s and 1960s on, the studies of translation were gradually inclined to be influenced and guided by the science of language study, especially linguistics. Jacobson (1959) proposed equivalence from the perspective of linguistics and semiotics. Based on that, then Eugene Nida (1964) divided the equivalence into formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The former one refers to a faithful reproduction of source-text form elements and the dynamic equivalence denotes equivalence of extralinguistic communicative effect. A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at completing naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his culture. In the 1960s and 1970s, the functional translation came into being, and in total, it went through four stages:The first stage: in 1971 ,Katharina Reiss in her book Translation criticism, the potentials and limitations introduced the functional category into translation criticism, linking language function, text type and translation strategy together, and developing the original text. She realized that it is impossible to achieve complete equivalence between the translation and the original text in the real context, so the functional characteristics of the translation should be given priority rather than the principle of equivalence. The second stage: Hans Vermeer addresses the framework of the theory in his book, Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translations theorie (Foundations of General Translation Theory, with Katharina Reiss, 1984). He holds that translation is a behavior with objectives and results and must be based on the original language and done through consultation. There are a series of principles, but Skopos rule comes first. In addition, the translation should also comply with the intratextual coherence rule and the the intertextual coherence rule.The third stage：Jasta Hotzmantari further developed the theory of functionalism and translation is seen as a purpose-directed, human-to-human interaction guided by the final outcome of the translation.The fourth stage: Christiane Nord discovered the limitations of Skopos theory and introduced the Function and loyalty theory. He emphasized the difference between loyalty and equivalence theory. Loyalty refers to the relationship between the original text and the translation, and it is a category of interpersonal relationship, which means the social relationship between people. (Nord, 2001: 125) 1.1.2 Culture Turn in Translation TheorySince the 1970s, translation activities have shown a diversified trend. In the process of development, translation activities have risen to cultural reflection.In 1976, Even- Zohar proposed Polysystem Theory which emphasized that translation activities are determined by the relationship between the various systems of the translated language culture, while emphasizing the role of translation in cultural development. That is to say, the theory of pluralistic systems begins to focus on the different cultural backgrounds of different ethnic groups.1n 1980s, At this stage, based on the Polysystem Theory , and Lefevere points out that all translations are actually rewrites of the original, and that it enables the image of an author or a series or series of works to be a successful expression of culture that raises the author or those works beyond the boundaries of the original culture. "(Andre Lefevere 1992: 9)In the early 1990s, , with the development of translation studies and comparative literature, Lefevere and Susan Bassnet co-edited the collection collection Translation History Culture a Sourcebook,trying to argue that the study of translation practice has transcended the stage of formalism and began to consider broader issues such as context, history and tradition. The change of this research focus is called the cultural turn of translation studies. "The attitude of the cultural school to traditional translation studies is subversion and disintegration rather than critical inheritance. In the view of the cultural school, the traditional translation of the "loyal" and "equivalent" research on the linguistic level is negative, and the study of the interaction between culture and translation activities in the cultural context is positive. Translation culture research is not the whole of translation studies (Wilss 1996:7) Language translation should not be excluded. (Shi Chunrang 2008) Due to the differences between Eastern and Western cultures, translation is misleading and one-sided under the concept of cultural translation, so it is more suitable for simple literary translation and practical texts such as tourist texts are more suitable for translation under the guidance of teleology.1.2 Review of the Translation of Tourist TextsThe travel text refers to those texts related to tourism. It includes introductions to tourist attractions, travel advertisements, travel notice signs, folk customs albums, and historical relics. The travel text as a popular text accepted by the public has two purposes, one is to transmit information, and the other is to induce action. (Fang Mengzhi, 2005) therefore, they must be concise, easy to understand and accurate, and can be accepted by different levels of people.Since the beginning of the new century, China's tourism industry has developed rapidly, and tourism translation has received more and more attention from the industry. However, there are also some worrying issues. "There are many tourist materials in China, but foreign language translation is quite random and has many errors, which affects the effectiveness of publicity, and damages the country's external image... This is extremely incompatible with the status of a big tourist country (Jin Huikang, 2007). Due to various problems in tourism translation, the quality of translation makes the information transmission inaccurate and incomplete, which may lead to cognitive errors of tourists, thus reducing the taste of scenic spots, tourist attractions and reducing their attraction to tourists.As a breakthrough with the traditional idea of equivalence and an important complement to translation theories, German functionalist translation theories are applicable to the study of tourism translation.Ke Xixiang (2002，P:90-91) applies the Skopostheorie to concrete C-E tourism translation and holds that, in tourism translation, translators should focus on the tourists response instead of the so-called equivalence to the source text. In 2003, Guo Ruijuan (2003, P: 98-100) published a paper applying the text typology theory to tourism translation. She holds the translator should use the expressions that conform to the cultural concept of the target language and the pattern of the linguistic structure of the language according to the intended purpose or function expected by the translation. You Liqin (2006, p: 73-75) states that the translator should stand in the shoes of the target language reader and select translating strategies in accordance with the expected skopos of the translated version. She argues as long as the author has respect for the source-text, he is entitled to adjusting or rewriting the source-text in order to make his translation more comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader and achieve the intended purpose and function of the target text. Lv Guofei (2006, P: 78-81) published a paper based on Skopostheorie which analyzed some translation errors in the English versions of Chinese tourist texts functionally and pragmatically. He also argues that the causes of these translation errors lie in the translators lack of a definite translation purpose.2. Theoretical Framework2.1The definition of Skopostheorie Any translation has a given goal and is produced and serves this purpose. Paul Kussmaul illustrates the goal of a translation includes the knowledge, expectations, values and norms of the target readers, who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture. Therefore, a clearer execution of the translational actiontranslation as a human action that thus possesses intentioncan be achieved through the identification of its purpose. Consequently, this generates a translatumthe target text (outcome) of a source text. 2.2.1 The Skopos ruleSkopos theory believes that the purpose of translation refers to the purpose of the translation on the communicative level, that is, "The communicative function of the target text in the social background, culture and context of the target language" (Venuti, 2001). In the context of translation and culture, translation should be developed in a direction that satisfies the needs of readers. Therefore, when the translator performs the translation, first they must determine the translation context and purpose, and then further select the corresponding translation method according to the purpose of translation.The tourism translation under the guidance of Skopos theory is targeted, focusing on the reading experience and feedback of the target readers, taking full account of their knowledge background and the differences between the two languages. The translator is actually seeking a balance between the two language cultures to adapt to the reading habits and cultural background of the target language readers, if necessary; the translator must delete the target text.2.2.2 The coherence ruleThe principle of coherence holds the translated text must be understandable and make sense in the target languages cultural and social environment.Translators have to make sure his work can be properly understood by readers of different social and cultural backgrounds. It should be noted that if the purpose requirements are inconsistent with the intra-lingual coherence, the concept of intra-lingual coherence will no longer work. (Nord, 1997)If the translator believes that the original text is not enough for foreign readers to properly understand, he must actively adding necessary or supplementary information for better conveyance.Nantong is not well-known to the world and Westerners who know little about Chinese culture may be confused when they face proper nouns. Therefore, the tourism text should adjust to the reading habits of the target language reader as much as possible, and ensure that the meaning of the translation and the language environment can be close to the original text.2.2.3 The fidelity ruleThe translated texts need to remain fidelity with the original text.That is to say, the inner logic must be remained in the translated text rather than the form or some sentence patterns and the translated texts .Tourism materials in Chinese language often contain lots of figures of speech and in most cases, proper counterparts cannot be found in the English language. The fidelity rule, however, can guide us in translating specific sentence patterns in Chinese languages. The Skopos rule is the core. The coherence rule and the fidelity rule are subject to it; if the translation emphasizes the acceptance and understanding of the target language, the fidelity rule no longer works; likewise, when the translation focuses on the function and requirements of the original text, coherence rule is no longer in force. The Skopos rule always restricts the coherent rule and the fidelity rule, while the coherent rule subordinate to the fidelity rule.3. Significance of ResearchThe tourist publicity materials are very clear and specific in their purpose: transmit information, and the other is to induce action, especially stimulating the interest of tourists abroad, helping them understand the local culture and eventually promoting the exchange not only culturally but also economically. Therefore, the most relevant theory is the Skopos Theory, which focuses on the skopos rules. Guided by Skopos Theory, this paper will pay emphasis to the general purposes of translation. Through in-depth analysis of the Chinese-English translation examples of Nantong tourist attractions, this paper also proposes some translation methods and techniques accordingly. Through this research, this paper tries to contribute to the improvement in the English translation of Nantong tourist attractions, and provide more comprehensible translations for foreign tourists, thus promoting cultural and economic exchanges between China and the West.

3. 设计方案和技术路线

4. 工作计划

第6周 交毕业论文初稿，由指导教师评阅。

第9周 交毕业论文二稿，由指导教师评阅。

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5. 难点与创新点

以前的翻译研究很少将翻译理论与南通的旅游推广这一具体的对象联系在一起，因此具有一定新意。

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